WASHINGTON—It's hard to imagine that words like “U.S. sales bonanza” were ever used to describe anything that happened in 2009. But they were.
The Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS), also known as “cash for clunkers,” was a lifeline at a desperate time in the U.S. auto industry. Consider this: When U.S. vehicle sales fell 28 percent in June of that year, the drop wasn't seen as being so bad. Every other month that year had been worse.
“We were getting our teeth kicked in,” recalled Paul Lunsford, a Toyota dealer in Orange County, Calif.
Cash for clunkers changed that, if only for a couple of months. Nearly 700,000 vehicles were traded in through the $2.85 billion program, which provided consumers as much as $4,500 each to trade in an old gas guzzler for a more fuel efficient new model. Cash for clunkers turned July and August 2009 into bright spots during what was otherwise a year that most in the industry would rather forget.
The idea was seen as a way to encourage consumer spending and reduce carbon emissions—a priority for the new Obama administration.
The U.S. Senate introduced a bill in January 2009. After months of wrangling in Congress, the CARS program was signed into law in June with an official start date of July 1 and $1 billion in funding.
Once it took effect, customers flocked to showrooms.
The seasonally adjusted annual rate of sales jumped to 11.4 million in July. That was the first time the SAAR topped 10 million that year.
August was even better: an unfathomable 14.6 million SAAR (Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate).
Demand was so high that the program ran out of money in less than a month. That prompted Congress to approve another $2 billion to keep the metal moving. The additional funds were exhausted by Aug. 24, two months earlier than the government expected.
“Cash for clunkers opened up the floodgates,” said Toyota dealer Mr. Lunsford. He said sales at his store more than doubled from 149 new vehicles in June to 311 in August. “It was crazy.”
The program also slashed industrywide inventories more than 35 percent, from about 2.2 million vehicles on the ground on July 1 to just 1.4 million two months later.
“What we had at this particular moment was really high dealer inventories and a general skittishness amongst our dealers and in the industry as a whole,” said TrueCar.com President John Krafcik, who was CEO of Hyundai Motor America at the time. Clunkers “gave the industry some good news and let the industry put some points on the board.”
There also were glitches.
An overwhelmed National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) couldn't handle the reimbursement requests quickly.
When the program ended in late August, NHTSA still had nearly 650,000 pending dealer payments and had to pull about 7,000 federal employees from other government agencies and private contractors to process the requests, according to a Brookings Institute report.
That left some dealers holding hundreds of thousands of dollars—sometimes millions—worth of reimbursement requests for months before finally being paid.
Whether the program was a net gain for the U.S. economy is a matter of debate as well.
A September 2009 analysis from the President's Council of Economic Advisers found that the program added about 490,000 incremental new-vehicle sales to normal replacement rates of about 100,000 vehicles per month.
The Brookings Institute's analysis, released in October, was less generous. It said the program created just 380,000 sales, and those sales were simply pulled ahead from the next 10 months and would've happened without the stimulus.
Gross domestic product growth was “negligible” and employment increases were “minimal,” according to the analysis.
Clunkers did cut carbon dioxide emissions by replacing gas-guzzling SUVs and pickups with small, fuel efficient compact cars or mid-sized sedans. But, according to the Brookings Institute's analysis, doing so was expensive and less cost-effective than some other environmental policies, such as the cap-and-trade bill passed by the House in 2009.
In short, cash for clunkers moved the metal and cleaned up the fleet a bit—but at a high cost. If it were up to Brookings, 2009 would be the last time such a policy is taken up.
Said the report's authors: “In the event of a future economic recession, we would not recommend repeating the CARS program.”
Many in the auto industry would respectfully disagree.
This report is the latest in a series of stories looking back at the auto industry collapse of 2008-09 that are appearing on the website—www.autonews.com—of Automotive News, a Detroit-based sister publication of Tire Business.